- 프로그램
프로그램
| 시간 | 10. 19 (화) | 시간 | 10. 20 (수) | 시간 | 10. 21 (목) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Track A | Track A | Track B | Track A | Track B | Track C | |||
| 08:00-09:30 (90’) |
모닝세션 | 테크니컬 세미나 |
||||||
| 09:30-10:00 (30’) |
브레이크 | |||||||
| 10:00-12:10(130’) |
[K2] Maritime Digitalization |
테크니컬 세미나 |
해양산업 리더스 서밋 (10:00 - 12:00) |
|||||
| 12:10-13:30 (80’) |
오찬 | 11:20-11:50 (30’) |
기조강연 3 | |||||
| 13:20-14:20 (60’) |
개회식 및 시상식 | 13:30-14:00 (30’) |
기조강연 2 | 11:50-13:00 (70’) |
오찬 | |||
| 14:20-14:50 (30’) |
기조강연 1 | 14:00-16:10 (130’) |
[K3] P4G and International Maritime Cooperation |
13:00-14:40 (100’) |
[K5] Seminar for Overseas Market Entry Strategies |
|||
| 14:50-15:10 (20’) |
브레이크 | 16:10-16:30 (20’) |
브레이크 | 14:40-15:00 (20’) |
브레이크 | |||
| 15:10-17:20 (130’) |
[K1] Decarbonization - Where we are heading for | 16:30-18:20 (110’) |
[K4] The State of the Art Green Technology of Maritime Equipment |
15:00-16:30 (90’) |
[K6] Seminar & Roundtable on Power-2-Maritime Initiatives from Denmark, Korea and Dach Leading to Zero Emission Shipping |
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| 시간 | Track A | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 13:20-14:20 (60’) |
개회식 및 시상식 | ||
| 14:20-14:50 (30’) |
KN-1 |
Keynote Speech 1 : Decarbinizing Shipping - Accekeratung the Development and Deployment of Zero Emission Vessel by 2030
H.E. Einar Jensen (Ambassador, Embassy of Denmark in Republic of Korea, Denmark) |
H.E. Einar Jensen
BiographyEDUCATION 1999
Diploma study Manager Development, University of
South Africa, Pretoria
|
| 14:50-15:10 (20’) |
브레이크 | ||
| 15:10-17:20 (130’) |
[K1] Decarbonization - Where we are heading for Chairperson : Kangki Lee (Vice-chair of Green House Gas Strategy Group, CIMAC, Austria) |
Chairperson
Kangki Lee
BiographyCurrently
vice-chair of CIMAC GHG Strategy Group, Go-LNG (Baltic Sea), and Kormarine Committee
member. Senior vice president for the business of High-Power Systems (Marine,
Power plant, Locomotive, Fuel Cell) at AVL List GmbH in Austria and Managing
Director of AVL Zöllner Marine GmbH, Germany & China. Studied mechanical
engineering at MSc till 1995 and Advanced Industrial Program at Seoul National
University in 2007 and the executive management course by MAN Group Corporate
Program with WHU, Germany and Said Business School (Oxford Univ.) till 2010. Worked as
president of MAN Diesel & Turbo Korea Ltd since 2007 responsible for the
business of internal combustion engine, Korea and as a head of
Turbo-machineries business units of MAN for Far East Asia till 2012. EVP of DSEC
(Subsidy of Daewoo Shipbuilding & Engineering) for business development
& global sales & marketing, and a professor of Korea Maritime &
Ocean University teaching ICE and power systems till 2018. Performed IMO
delegates & several States projects of ROK. |
|
| 15:10-15:30 (20’) |
K1-1 |
How to be compliant with IMO GHG Strategy : EEXI and CII
Jae-gyun Lim (General Manager of Decarbonization Solution Center, Korean Register, Republic of Korea) |
Jae-gyun Lim
Biography
Mr. Jaegyun Lim is
currently working as general manager of Decarbonization Solution Center at
Korean Register. He acquired his bachelor degree at Chungnam National
University and master degree at University of New South Wales in Australia. He
worked at Hyundai Samho Heavy Industries as a ship designer. He joined Korean
Register in 2003 and has been involved in greenhouse gas emissions, green ship
technology and structural integrity assessment.
The shipping industry is facing increasingly strengthened environmental regulations, in particular those concerning decarbonization.
In April 2018, the initial IMO Strategy on reduction of GHG emissions from ships was adopted at the 72nd session of the IMO’s MEPC, which aim to reduce carbon intensity by 40% by 2030, and 70% by 2050, and to reduce shipping’s total annual greenhouse gas emissions by at least 50% by 2050, compared to 2008 emissions. The amendments adopted at the MEPC 76 include the introduction of an Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI) as a technical approach, and Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) as an operational approach to achieve the short-term measures to cut carbon emissions from ships. Korean Register (KR) has been examining the impact of the new regulations on its shipowner and operator clients and has developed resources to help them and the wider industry, navigate the actions they will be required to take. In addition, KR has also published presentations on its Youtube channel, offering comprehensive guidance on EEXI/CII compliance. KR, as a technical expert group, is committed to using all of its expertise and capabilities to help the shipping industry to address the challenges and find optimal solutions for a sustainable future. |
| 15:30-15:50 (20’) |
K1-2 |
Multi-Fuel and Alternative Propulsion for Decarbonization and GHG Regulation
Jung Ho Son (Executive Vice President, Hyundai Heavy Industries, Republic of Korea) |
Jung Ho Son
BiographyProfessional
Experiences ·
R&D
– joined to HMRI (Hyundai Maritime Research Institute), Hyundai Heavy
Industries in 1995 and expertise in Design and development of marine machinery
and equipment such as marine engine, pump and compressor until 2014. ·
Digital
transformation – contributed in development of HiMECS (intelligent equipment
control system) and HiEMS (IoT-based solution) ·
R&D
and Technology management – Head of R&D and engineering in HHI-EMD Educational
Background ·
March
1989 ~ Feb. 1993 : Bachelor’s degree, Mechanical Engineering, Busan Nat’l Univ.,
Korea ·
Feb.
1995 : Master’s degree, Mechanical Engineering, Busan Nat’l Univ., Korea ·
March
2008 ~ Dec. 2008 : HHI-MBA Program in BYU, USA · Feb. 2011: Ph.D. (Theme : Durability design of engine hot parts), Busan Nat’l Univ., Korea
Several parties and organization have been tackling for some time since IMO adopted an initial IMO strategy on reduction of GHG emissions from ships in 2018. However, IPCC research report shows that our planet may reach to an average of 1.5C warming by 2040 or earlier and more quickly energy transition and bold investment are necessary to mitigate global warming.
Uncertainties to leverage regulatory and stakeholder demands still exist. Reduction of CH4 and N2O as pollutant is necessary and WTW approach is needed to adapt alternative fuel and propulsion. A strategy on GHG reduction must be established based on life cycle assessment (LCA). Use of carbon-neutral fuel is most attractive to meet GHG regulation. The reason why these expectations is possible is that around 12% of current new buildings ordered with alternative fuel system today double the 6% reported in the 2019 and each engine builder announced roadmap of alternative fuel application. HHI has also shared the state-of-art development strategy and roadmap to meet GHG regulation by 2025. Multi-fueled engine platform concept is compatible with each low carbon and carbon-free fuel and in-cylinder technology for CH4 and N2O reduction is integrated with an after-treatment system. Alternative propulsion should be prepared to meet net-zero emission. Carbon-neutral fuel can be used for fuel cell with high efficiency is advantage, but low power density to apply to MW power ship must be overcome. Deep sea shipping application of fuel cell is far from launching in the market. HHI has hybrid solution with engine and will expand to fuel cell system. MW-sized fuel cell system for deep sea shipping will be ready by 2030. |
| 15:50-16:10 (20’) |
K1-3 |
Net Zero Carbon Fuels
Charlotte Røjgaard (Global Head of Marine Fuel Services, Bureau Veritas Verifuel, Denmark) |
Charlotte Røjgaard
BiographyCharlotte
Røjgaard is the Global Head of Bureau Veritas’ marine fuel services, VeriFuel. Charlotte
has a Master of Science degree in Chemical Engineering from the Technical
University of Denmark and began her career at MAN Energy Solutions. Following a
successful 15 years with MAN, she moved to Singapore to head up the technical
team at DNVPS for five years. Charlotte joined Bureau Veritas in 2015 as Global
Technical Manager for VeriFuel. In this time, she has been instrumental in
strengthening the company’s marine fuels expertise and successfully launching
the VeriFuel brand. Charlotte
represents Bureau Veritas’ VeriFuel at conferences and sits on numerous key
industry committees, including ISO 8217/TC 28/SC 4/WG 6 and CIMAC WG7 Fuels for
which she is currently the secretary.
Driven by IMO as well as consumer demands, the maritime industry has entered the road towards decarbonization. The presentation will take the audience through some of the options and considerations that the industry must make in its efforts to decarbonize.
|
| 16:10-16:30 (20’) |
K1-4 |
Global Growth and Business Opportunities related to Maritime Decarbonization
Johannah Christensen (CEO, Global Maritime Forum, Denmark) |
Johannah Christensen
Biography
Johannah
Christensen is Chief Executive Officer of the Global Maritime Forum. The Global
Maritime Forum is an international not-for-profit organization committed to
shaping the future of global seaborne trade to increase sustainable long-term
economic development and human wellbeing. It brings together a broad spectrum
of leaders from across the industry to find new solutions to the most important
challenges facing the industry today and in the future. The Global Maritime
Forum is a Founding Partner of the Getting to Zero Coalition. Prior to
establishing the Global Maritime Forum, Johannah has helped businesses to
address global challenges in a variety of different roles at INDEX: Design to
Improve Life, at leading Scandinavian think tank Monday Morning, at the World
Economic Forum and as an independent advisor.
|
| 16:30-16:50 (20’) |
K1-5 |
CCS and Energy Life Cycle Management
Rien Hoogerbrugge (Director Business Development, AVL List GmbH, Austria) |
Rien Hoogerbrugge
BiographyCAREER - Oct. 2018 : Director Business Development AVL Graz - 2013 ~ 2018 : Vice President R&D Wartsila 2-stroke/WinGD - 2006 ~ 2013 : CEO Qingdao Marine Diesel - 2001 ~ 2006 : Technical Director P&O Nedlloyd - 1979 ~ 2001 : Operational and Management Positions P&O Nedlloyd EDUCATION Marine Engineering University Utrecht, Fully certified Chief Engineer all ships without limitations PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCES Operational End User experience with 2 AND 4 stoke engines in marine propulsion and energy generation applications. Production experience in manufacturing of large engines with strong focus on continuous improvement and optimisation of cost and quality. Engine development experience in very large diesel and dual fuel engines. Strong knowledge of international rules and regulations related to ships, marine engines and systems.
The commitment to reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions to limit Global Warming leads to the introduction of goals for the shipping industry that require disruptive changes to their operations. The goals are challenging but there are alternative fuels and technologies available to reach them.
One of the technologies is Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and this presentation will take you through the various CCS technologies, their pro´s and con´s and the implications they will have for ship operators. The most promising ones for application on board of large ships will be looked at a bit more in depth. A small case study will provide some insight in the effect of applying CCS. Finally the various possibilities for storage will be reviewed. |
| 16:50-17:20 (30’) |
Panel Discussion | ||
| 시간 | Track A | Track B | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 08:00-09:30 (90') |
모닝세션(AVL List GmbH & Geislinger GmbH) | ||||
| 09:30-10:00 (30') |
브레이크 | ||||
| 10:00-12:10 (130’) |
[K2] Maritime Digitalization Chairperson : Dae-heon Kim (Executive Vice President of R&D Division, Korean Register, Republic of Korea ) |
Chairperson
Dae-heon Kim
BiographyNow - Executive Vice President of R&D Division at KR - Vice President, The Society of Naval Architects of Korea - Vice President, The Korean Society of Marine Engineering Professional Experiences - Senior Vice president of R&D Center at KR - Senior Vice president of Digital Tecnology Center at KR Educational
Background - Inha
University, Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering(Bachelor) - Inha
University, Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering(Master) |
Technical Seminar | ||
| 10:00-10:20 (20’) |
K2-1 |
Digital Platform for Smart-Ship Solution
BongJun Choi (Head of Digital Research Center, Hyundai Global Service, Republic of Korea) |
BongJun Choi
BiographyBongJun Choi is a head of Digital Research Center as a senior research engineer at Hyundai Global Service of Hyundai Heavy Industries Group. He received his bachelor's and master's degree in Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering at Seoul National University and a doctorate in performance evaluating of the vessel in the waves at Delft University of Technology. He gained practical experience in ship’s powering evaluation and hydrodynamics-based projects such as hull form and energy saving devices at Hyundai Maritime Research Institute of HHI. Currently, he is leading the development of smartship solutions and integrated automation system based on data-based performance analysis and optimal solution development technologies that have been refined through decarbonization and digitalization research.
The Shipbuilding Industry focuses on the intelligent smart ship by applying ICT to vessels. The digitalization of the ship is rapidly towing the change to the technology-based knowledge industry with eco-friendly and smartization to secure efficiency and safety and aim for autonomous ship.
A variety of digital platforms such as integrated smart ship solutions, route optimization, and integrated automation systems are commercialized and specialized in data-based business services. The digital transformation is expected to have an expanding effect not only on the marine industry field of the traditional business such as shipping and ports including the shipbuilding industry, but also to the association industry through knowledge-based services. In order to facilitate the use of ship's operation and machinery data, discussions on solidarity and national support of those involved are |
||
| 10:20-10:40 (20’) |
K2-2 |
Fleet Optimization and Real Time Simulation
Pekka Pakkanen (Executive Vice President, NAPA Shipping Solutions, Finland) |
Pekka Pakkanen
BiographyMr. Pekka
Pakkanen, M.Sc. (Naval Architecture) [M] works currently as Executive Vice President, NAPA
Shipping Solutions. Pekka has been working for the last 13 years on customer
front with various types of shipping segments. Main responsibilities have been
on delivering products, projects, gathering feedback and insights to R&D,
and in managing the sales of the respective products and projects. Pekka has
been part of innovating and initiating several new services for NAPA, such as
NAPA Ship Performance Analytics, NAPA Fleet Intelligence and NAPA Voyage
Optimization.
NAPA develops various tools for ship design and safe and fuel-efficient shipping. In his presentation, Mr. Pakkanen presents the highlights of the emission reduction related solutions as well as the various research and collaboration projects where NAPA is participating with its data and technology.
|
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| 10:40-11:00 (20’) |
K2-3 |
Development of VR based Ship Survey and Management Simulator
Woosung Kil (Senior Surveyor of R&D Division, Korean Register, Republic of Korea) |
Woosung Kil
Biography2011. 05 ~
Present : Korean Register / R&D Division / Senior Surveyor -
Managing and developing XR-based ship training simulator -
Developed ship life-cycle management system
2009. 09 ~
2011. 04 : Korean Air Inc. / Aerospace Division / Researcher -
Participated in developing and integration for UAV simulator of ROK Corps
2006.01 ~
2009.08 : AR-Vision Inc. / Research Institute / Researcher -
Developed AR algorithms for virtual advertising system on broadcasting system
Development of VR based Ship Survey and Management Simulator
|
||
| 11:00-11:20 (20’) |
K2-4 |
IMO DCS and EU MRV Status Updates
Hyunju Lee (Senior Researcher, Korean Register, Republic of Korea) |
Hyunju Lee
Biography
Technical
key qualifications
-
Expert
experience with atmospheric & climate environment -
Export
experience with Policy and strategic study for environmental regulations Education -
M.
Sc degree in Earth and Environmental Sciences from Seoul National University,
Rep. of Korea -
Bachelor
of Science in Atmospheric sciences from Pusan National University, Rep. of
Korea Work
experience -
2009
– 2010 Researcher, Korea Institute of
Science and Technology(KIST) -
2012
– 2013 Researcher, Environmental
Prediction Research Inc. -
2014
– Present Sinior Researcher, Korean
Register(KR) Projects
Responsibility -
Government
Project for ‘Policy and strategic study for safety and environment regulation
of IMO', KIMST, 2014-2018 -
Internal
Project for ‘Development of KR-GEARs(GHG portal system)’, KR, 2019-2021
In increasing awareness of global climate change and need for environmental regulation, the European Commission(EC) has implemented EU-MRV(Monitoring, Reporting and verification) regulation on 2015 and the International Maritime Organization(IMO) has adopted IMO DCS(Data Collection System) regulation on 2018. Furthermore, IMO has established a GHG reduction strategy including some ambitious goals, one of which is to reduce carbon intensity of 40% by 2030 compared to the 2008 level. Recently CII(Carbon Intensity Indicator) which is additional CO2 regulation in line with IMO DCS was adopted on MEPC 76.This CII rating will be stronger trigger for stakeholders in maritime industry to implement the technical and operational measure in terms of ship energy efficiency. Regarding of EU MRV, the EC suggested EU strategy with 3 consecutive steps: 1. Implementing a system for MRV of emission, 2. Definition of reduction targets for the maritime transport sector, 3. Application of a MBM(Market Based Measure). The last step was finalized with the inclusion CO2 from maritime transport within the EU ETS(Emission Trading Scheme) gradually from 2023 under the European Green Deal. In addition to FuelEU Maritime newly was proposed to increase the share of renewable and lo-carbon fuels in the fuel mix of international maritime transport without creating barriers to the single market in the current state of highly dependent on fossil fuels. The requirements for the compliance of environmental regulations vary according the respective objectives of the regulators. In the circumstances, the diversity can bring a huge burden to the actors carrying out the regulations independently. To provide expertise in GHG regulation and support the key stakeholders in terms of regulatory implementation seamlessly, KR was established KR-GEARs which is the platform for total GHG solution, especially IMO DCS and EU MRV in 2019. Newly adopted international and regional regulations are being updated rapidly in this platform, this help all stakeholders in maritime industry set the direction for improving ship energy efficiency.
|
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| 11:20-11:40 (20’) |
K2-5 |
Open Simulation Platform in Action - Integrated Simulation sandBox (ISB)
Kevin Koosup Yum (Research Scientist, SINTEF Ocean, Norway) |
Kevin Koosup Yum
BiographyEducation 2017 : Ph.D., Department of Marine Technology, NTNU, Norway 2012 : Master, Department of Marine Technology, NTNU, Norway 2001 : B.Sc., Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Seoul National University, Korea Positions - current and previous 2016 - Present : Research Scientist - SINTEF Ocean 2003 - 2010 : Sales Engineer, Samsung Heavy Industries 2001 - 2003 : Accounting Officer, Korean Army Project Management Experience 2020 - 2020 : Wartsila - Development of Hybrid System Design Tool, Project Manager 2018 - 2020 : Open Simulation Platform JIP - Use Case Lead 1, Use case lead 2018 - 2018 : Hyundai Heavy Industries - Development of the shipboard DC power system simulation, Project Manger
Open Simulation Platform (OSP) JIP project has successfully laid the base for creating a system simulation for maritime domain using co-simulation. With the open-source software and standards created in the project, the industry has stepped forward to a collaborative testing and validation of the complex maritime applications. However, the huddle for creating a system simulation model is so high that it is not easy to use as their daily central tool in the industry. Integrated Simulation sandbox (ISB) aims to be a platform where processes are integrated and automated so that designers and engineers are capable of making their own simulator and run tests to check the system response and performance of their artifacts. In this presentation, OSP is introduced with its motivation and the deliverable from the joint industry project. Then, how OSP can be applied to the industry will be through the example of ISB.
|
||
| 11:40-12:10 (30’) |
Panel Discussion | ||||
| 12:10-13:30 (80’) |
오찬 | ||||
| 13:30-14:00 (30') |
KN-2 |
Keynote Speech 2 : Digital Transformation and 2021 Key Trends
Jeremy Nixon (Chief Executive Officer, Ocean Network Express Pte.Ltd, Singapore) |
Jeremy Nixon
BiographyJeremy Nixon is the Global CEO of Ocean Network Express (ONE), one of the largest liner shipping company in the world, which is headquartered in Singapore, and commenced its operation from April 2018. His career originally started at sea as a navigating officer, followed by a BSc (Hons) in Maritime Commerce at Cardiff University (UK), and then four years at the Port of Felixstowe. He has been actively engaged in the container shipping industry for the last thirty years and has held senior management positions with P&O Nedlloyd, Maersk Line and NYK Line, in Europe, North America and Asia. In July 2017 he resigned from NYK to head up Ocean Network Express, which was a new joint venture company founded by the K Line, MOL and NYK Group companies.
|
||
| 14:00-15:50 (110’) |
[K3] P4G and International Maritime Cooperation Chairperson : Tae-Hwan Joung (Head of International Maritime Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Ships & Ocean Engineering, Republic of Korea) Panelist : Han-Seon Park (Research Fellow in Maritime Safety, Korea Maritime Institute, Republic of Korea) |
Chairperson
Tae-Hwan Joung
BiographyJan., 2016 ~ to the present Head, Principal Researcher, International Maritime Strategy Research Centre, KRISO (Korea Research Institute of Ships & Ocean engineering), Dae-jeon, Korea Nov., 2013 ~ Jan., 2016 Senior Research Scientist, Department of Ship technology, Norwegian Marine Technology Research Institute (MARINTEK), Trondheim, Norway Feb. 2007 ~ Aug. 2014 Ph. D.(2), Computational Fluid Dynamics, School of Computer Science, Engineering and Mathematics, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia Mar. 2000 ~ Aug. 2005 Ph. D.(1), Marine structure, Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Chung-Nam National University, Dae-jeon, Korea Jun., 2004 ~ Mar., 2013 Researcher, School of Computer Science, Engineering and Mathematics, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia Sep. 2008 ~ Aug. 2009 Post-Doctoral Research Fellow, Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
Panelist
Han-Seon Park
BiographyDr. PARK, Han-Seon is director and
research fellow of the Maritime Safety Department in Maritime Industry &
Safety Division in Korea Maritime Institute (KMI) from Sep 2015. He was a
former General Manager and the Head of Green Growth Office in KST (Korea Ship
Safety Technology Authority) of Republic of Korea (ROK) where he has engaged as
a principal ship surveyor for about 17years after working for Hanjin Shipping
Co. Ltd for 3years and 4months as second engineer on board. He
graduated from the World Maritime University (Maritime Safety Environment Administration,
M.Sc.) in Sweden 2009 after the graduation of Korea Maritime and Oceans
University (Marine Engineering) in 1995 and Graduate School of Korea Maritime
and Oceans University (Marine Engineering) in 2001. He graduated the Graduate
School of Korea Maritime and Oceans University (Ph.D., Maritime Law &
Policy) in 2014.
Dr.
Park has many times engaged as a consultant and advisor of IMO
capacity-building project against climate change and Climate Change
Partnerships for East Asian Countries. He also carried out international
cooperation projects related to capacity-building for enhancing ship safety in
Algeria from 2006 to 2007, building capacities in East Asian Countries to
address GHG emissions from ships by IMO-KOICA from 2012 to 2013 and capacity
building for ship safety and marine environment in Indonesia from 2013 to 2015
funded by KOICA. Dr. Park is author or co-author of some books, dissertations &
articles on themes with regard to climate change, Autonomous & Digitalized
Ship and has been a lecture at Korea Maritime and Ocean University and
SungKyunKwan University in Seoul when it comes to climate change and green
& smart ship technology as well as maritime safety and marine pollution
prevention technology. |
|||
| 14:00-14:20 (20’) |
K3-1 |
The Challenges for Net Zero Carbon Ship Develoment and Commercialization
Mark Darley (Marine & Offshore Business DIrector of Maritime, Lloyd's Register, United Kingdom) |
Mark Darley
BiographyMark Darley joined Lloyd’s Register
as a Marine Surveyor in 2000 and is currently the Business Director for LR’s
Marine & Offshore business. He is responsible for the Marine and Offshore
business - overseeing commercial and business planning and developing strategies
to improve the company’s competitive position. His aim is to lead, implement
and communicate a global marine and offshore business strategy, establish a
clear vision, and achieve operational goals for safety, quality, and financial
performance. A product of LR’s Graduate Training
scheme, during his career with LR, Mark has worked as a ship surveyor Dubai,
before taking on various operational, business and leadership roles across
Asia, the Americas, Europe and the Middle East. In April 2020, he became the
Chief Operating Officer for the Marine & Offshore business, based in
Shanghai, before taking on the role of Business Director in January 2021.
The Challenges for Net Zero Carbon Ship Develoment and Commercialization
|
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| 14:20-14:40 (20’) |
K3-2 |
Digitalization & De-carbonization Strategies in Shipping Company
Youngsun Kim (General Manager of R&D Team, HMM, Republic of Korea) |
Youngsun Kim
Biography1996 ~ 2006
: Marine chief officer at HMM 2006 ~ 2010
: General manager (Safety Management Team) 2010 ~ 2018
: Team Leader of the Maritime Technology Team (HMM Ocean Service) 2018 ~ : Team Leader of the R&D Team (HMM)
Today, Shipping companies are facing two major challenges, so called 2D, Digitalization and Decarbonization. If shipping companies do not respond to these challenges, they will not survive in global competition.
I would like to explain how shipping companies are responding to these big challenges now, based on the experience of HMM. First, I would like to talk about the perspectives of shipping companies looking at digitalization. Manny people have high expectations for autonomous ship. But not everyone seems to think positively about autonomous ships.. I will talk about the expectations and concerns of shipping companies looking at the autonomous ship. Next, I would like to go over decarbonization. I will explain the current maritime greenhouse gas regulation and shipping company activities. |
||
| 14:40-15:00 (20’) |
K3-3 |
Carbon Neutral Innovation
Nare Rebecca Han (Principal Engineer of Ship Basic Planning Department, DSME, Republic of Korea) |
Nare Rebecca Han
BiographyCARRIER 2021 - Present Principal Engineer, Ship Basic Planning Department, DSME 2015 – 2020 Senior Engineer, Ship Basic Planning Department, DSME Latest Key Person, 360,000 CBM
Novatek-MOL LNG FSU Barge Achievement Key Person, 23,000 TEU HMM Containership
Member,
TFT for Developing standard arrangement of LNG Fueled VLCC & Containership
Decarbonization in Shipping is an essential part of reducing global greenhouse gas emissions. In order to achieve carbon neutrality in shipping, DSME’s efforts in various fields are on progress.
At this conference, the highlights of collaborations for zero-emission vessels will be introduced as following subjects; - Decarbonization in Shipping - DSME Technologies for Carbon neutrality - Integration of Smart ships and Smart port facilities with the Port of Rotterdam - Development of Ammonia-fueled ships in collaboration with Lloyd Register and MAN Energy Solutions - Pathway to Sustainability |
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| 15:00-15:20 (20’) |
K3-4 |
Establishment of IMRB and Role of International Organization
John Bradshaw (Technical Director, World Shipping Council, United Kingdom) |
John Bradshaw
BiographyJohn
Bradshaw is Technical Director for Environment and Safety at the World Shipping
Council, a global role located in Singapore. John is a maritime regulatory
specialist and marine engineer with a broad range of senior level experience
with maritime engineering, technical and policy matters, including representing
the shipping industry at the International Maritime Organization (IMO), serving
as technical authority for engines and energy conversion in a major
classification society and as a strategic development engineer in electricity
generation. A Fellow of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects and Chartered
Engineer, John started his career as a cadet working onboard container ships
and studied emissions to air and emissions abatement for his Master’s Degree.
Decarbonizing shipping presents the most significant transition for the industry since sails were replaced by the steam engine. The challenge facing shipping cannot be overstated, shipping needs new fuels, new energy conversion technologies and new approaches to ship design. This will require research and technology development (R&D) on a scale the industry has not seen before, providing funding for this acceleration of R&D in an efficient and effective way is an urgent matter. In 2019 shipping invested approximately US$1.6 billion in R&D, whilst aviation invested US$16 billion and automotive about US$130 billion. This level of shipping R&D investment is inadequate and needs to be significantly increased. The shipping industry, working with key IMO member States including Denmark, Japan, and Singapore, has developed a solution - the International Maritime Research & Development Fund (IMRF), which will support R&D under the supervision of an International Maritime Research & Development Board (IMRB).
The IMRB would be an independent body within the IMO regulatory framework, funded by mandatory contributions to an International Maritime Research Fund (IMRF). The level of funding is anticipated to be circa.US$2 per tonne of fuel loaded, raising approximately US$600 million per annum, and would be supplemented by voluntary contributions from other stakeholders. The proposal was introduced at MEPC 75 and further refined at MEPC 76, including submission of the necessary draft amendments to MARPOL Annex VI, and will be further considered at MEPC 77. The proposals are mature and ready to be implemented subject to the approval of IMO member States. The IMRF is NOT an MBM, it is a mechanism to accelerate R&D, this acceleration is necessary regardless of which mid- and long-term measures might be agreed at IMO. The IMRF is supported by a robust implementation and verification mechanism which has also been designed to minimize cost and administrative burden for all stakeholders using an amendment to the MARPOL Convention. Ships would be required to carry a statement of compliance, issued by the IMRF, which the Flag Administration would verify on an annual basis against data in the IMO DCS. Port State Control could confirm that the ship has onboard the necessary statement of compliance demonstrating that it is up to date with payments due to the IMRF. The IMRB would use the monies raised to fund R&D into ultra-low and zero carbon ships, including pilot projects and technology proving installations. It would not fund commercial deployment, which would require a completely different payment quantum. There would be an independent board of directors appointed for a period of three years and up to two terms and would report to the MEPC. It would be composed of representatives from the shipping industry, governments, and academia. A professional and administrative staff would undertake managerial functions and responsibilities. Unfortunately, some have mischaracterized the proposal and promoted three significant misconceptions: 1. Misconception 1 - the IMRF is an MBM, and the payment quantum is too low. The IMRF is not an MBM. MBMs are intended to change behaviours and apply financial pressure to do so, the IMRF is intended to fund and accelerate R&D. The quantum is appropriate for this objective. Support for the IMRF does not prejudice positions for forthcoming MBM discussions. 2. Misconception 2 - The technologies are known, what is needed is commercial deployment. Because solutions are now available for small near coastal ships, some have concluded that solutions are available for large ships engaged in trans-oceanic voyages, this is not the case. Despite vociferous advocacy for certain fuels, technology pathways are far from certain. The engineering consultancy Ricardo engineering identified over 120 decarbonizing challenges and over 260 potential projects which the IMRB could support. Acceleration of R&D is urgently required, the IMRF and IMRF provide the most efficient and effective way to achieve this. 3. Misconception 3 - The IMRF is a mid-term measure so should be integrated with MBM discussions at IMO. The IMRF is identified as a short-term measure in the IMO initial GHG strategy. The international shipping industry supports work to develop an MBM in parallel with finalization of the IMRF & IMRB, however most accept that reaching agreement on an MBM at IMO will be challenging. An accelerated R&D program is urgently needed, integrating the proposals into MBM discussions would almost certainly mean that agreement would be reached too late for the IMRB to remain relevant. The necessary R&D would be done in a less progressive way, with less accessibility and efficiency, and it could be expected that government funding would be required. To summarize, shipping needs a massive increase in shipping R&D to facilitate the transition to a zero-carbon future. The IMRB and IMRF are mature proposals to deliver this at zero cost to member States and with low administrative burden, whilst including an effective verification mechanism to assure compliance. The IMRF is not an MBM, and support for it does not prejudice positions on MBMs. Finally, the matter is urgent, rapid agreement and implementation is essential. If not supported, what is the alternative? Industry will still need a massive increase in R&D, what will be lost is a mature proposal requiring the work to be entirely funded by industry which could be agreed and implemented quickly. |
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| 15:20-15:50 (30’) |
Panel Discussion | ||||
| 15:50-16:10 (20’) |
브레이크 | ||||
| 16:10-18:00 (110') |
[K4] The State of the Art Green Technology of Maritime Equipment Chairperson : Jung-Chul Bae (President, Korea Marine Equipment Research Institute, Republic of Korea) |
Chairperson
Jung-Chul Bae
BiographyPresiden Jung-Chul Bae got B.E. for Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering at Korea Maritime and Ocean University(KMOU) (1986), got M.E. (1992) and D.E (1996) for Marine Communication at KMOU. He had been employed Saracom as a research director(1988.09~2006.02). He has experience Korea Marine Equipment Research Institute(KOMERI) as a managing director of ‘Electric and Electronic Research Center’, ‘Audit Department’, and ‘Management Planning’, etc. (2006.03~2020.06). He is a president of KOMERI now, (2020.07.01~), and also is a adjunct professor of engineering college in KMOU(2012.03~current) and of ‘management of technology’ department in Pukyong National University 2016.03~current). |
|||
| 16:10-16:30 (20') |
K4-1 |
Development Trend of Eco-Friendly and Efficient Electric Propulsion Equipment
Kido Park (Principal Surveyor, Korean Register, Republic of Korea) |
Kido Park
Biography
|
||
| 16:30-16:50 (20') |
K4-2 |
Testing and Evaluation Methods for Major Performance of Equipment for Special Purpose Vessels
Hang Kim (Center Leader of Advanced-Green Technology Center, Korea Marine Equipment Research Institute, Republic of Korea) |
Hang Kim
BiographyMain 2007.10 Korea Marine Equipment Institute 2007.10 ~ 2019.12 KOLAS SOUND & SHOCK Technical Manager 2020.09 ~ Advanced-Green Technology Center, Center Leader 2021.07 Technology Research Dept. Career 2014 KOLAS(Korea Laboratory Accreditation Scheme), Assessor 2018 Korea Agency for Technology and Standards, Architectural Acoustic Committee, member 2018 DTaQ(Defense Agency for Technology and Quality, Defense Quality Society, NOISE subcommittee, member 2018 KCIMD(Korea Certification Institute for Machine Diagnostic), Committee of Quality and Impartiability management, chairman 2020 DTaQ(Defense Agency for Technology and Quality, Defense Quality Society, Standards subcommittee, member
Testing and Evaluation Methods for Major Performance of Equipment for Special Purpose Vessels
|
||
| 16:50 - 17:10 (20') |
K4-3 |
The Present and Future of Marine Substantiation Vessel
Sungjin Yun (Principal Reseacher of Marine Substantiation Vessel Department, Korea Marine Equipment Research Institute, Republic of Korea) |
Sungjin Yun
BiographyExperience 2007.01 Samsung Heavy Industries (SHI) 2016.11 Korea Maritime Equipment Research Institute (KOMERI) Education
- Explain the importance of substantiation required for developing domestic shipbuilding and marine equipment industry, and especially the necessity of maritime substantiation.
- A brief explanation of the marine substantiation system standards and a vision through them will be presented. |
||
| 17:10 - 17:30 (20') |
K4-4 |
The Ammonia and Methanol-fueled Vessels
Thomas S. Hansen (Head of Two-Stroke Promotion & Customer Support, MAN Energy Solutions, Denmark) |
Thomas S. Hansen
Biography
Thomas
Storgaard Hansen is Director, head of the 2-stroke Promotion and Customer
Support at MAN Energy Solutions, Copenhagen, Denmark. After having obtained a
bachelor in mechanical engineering and thermodynamics at the technical
university of Copenhagen, he joined MAN Diesel and Turbo in 1992 and since held
positions in R&D and Design departments, as well as expatriates in
Singapore, Hong Kong and Los Angeles. In 2017 Thomas joined the newbuilding
sales team as head of 2-stroke Promotion and Customer Support, Responsible for
the world-wide promotion of MAN Energy Solutions 2-stroke engines.
The world as well as the shipping industry has an increased focus on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. MAN Energy Solutions see it as our mission to assist this maritime turn-around by providing reliable and cost efficient solutions for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The 2-stroke methanol and ammonia engine developments are examples of this, which together with MAN Energy solutions proven track record of bringing reliable and cost efficient 2-stroke dual fuel technologies in to the marked, assures that MAN Energy Solutions 2-stroke methanol and ammonia engines will safe guard the ship owners investments. The presentation will introduce the basic engine concepts as well as a market outlook for these technologies.
|
||
| 17:30-18:00 (30’) |
Panel Discussion | ||||
| 시간 | Track A | Track B | Track C | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Technical Seminar | 해양산업 리더스 서밋 (10:00 - 12:00) |
||||
| 11:20-11:50 (30') |
KN-3 |
Keynote Speech 3 : The Directions and Challenges of the Korean R&D Policy for the Advancement of Shipping Industry
Yeong Cheol Seok (President, Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology, Republic of Korea ) |
Yeong Cheol Seok
Biography▪ EMPLOYMENT HISTORY President, KIAT, June 2019 - Professor, Inha University, Mar. 2017 –June 2019 Executive Director, Office of Strategic R&D Planning (OSP) Ministry of
Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) July 2014 – Nov. 2016 Executive Director, KIAT, Sept. 2013 – Oct. 2014 Vice President/Executive Director, KIAT,
May 2009 – Sept. 2013 Director, Policy Research Center, KOTEF,
Jan. 2009 – Apr. 2009 Director, Strategic Technology Planning,
KOTEF, July 2007 – Dec. 2008 Director, Washington Office of KOTEF, July
2004 – June 2007 Director, Policy Research Center, KOTEF,
Sept. 2001 – June 2004 Senior Research Fellow/Director, ITEP, Aug.
1994 – Sept. 2001 Assistant Professor, University of Cincinnati,
Jan. 1990 – Aug. 1994 Research Economist, Korea Economic Research Institute (KERI), Seoul, Korea, Feb. 1983 – Aug. 1984 EDUCATION Ph.D., Economics, The Ohio State
University, Columbus, Ohio, Dec. 1989. Thesis
: "An Analysis of Cooperative Basic Research When Information Spillover is
High". M.A., Economics, The Ohio State
University, Columbus, Ohio, June 1987. Graduate School of Economics, Seoul
National University, Seoul, Korea, March
1981 - February 1983. B.A., History, Seoul National University,
Seoul, Korea, February 1981. ▪ Selected Publications 1.
Integrated Technology Blueprint for Knowledge Economy, KOTEF, 2008. 10 2. Technology
Roadmaps for the Korean Parts and Materials Industry, KOTEF, 2003.6 3. Industry, University and Research
Institute Consortium Program : Its 10 Years Performance Analysis, KOTEF, 2003.2 4. An Analysis on the Level of Technology
Competitiveness of Selected Chinese Industries, KOTEF, 2003.1 5. 1st & 2nd
Stage Industrial Technology Roadmapping in Korea, KOTEF, 2001.8 & 2002.8
|
||
| 11:50-13:00 (70') |
오찬 | ||||
| 13:00-14:40 (100') |
[K5] Seminar for Overseas Market Entry Strategies | ||||
| 13:00 - 13:20 (20') |
K5-1 |
Introduction of current status in Singapore’s shipbuilding and marine Equipment Industry
Simon Kuik (President, ASMI, Singapore) |
Simon Kuik
BiographySimon oversees the research and development division at
Sembcorp Marine and is responsible for developing new technologies, product
innovations and solutions. He is the Chairman of LMG Marin AS, Gravifloat AS
and Sevan SSP AS in Norway, Sembmarine SSP Inc. in USA and Semb-Eco Pte
Ltd based in Singapore. Simon is the Secretariat of Sustainability
council, he is responsible for the Group's sustainability strategy and
policies.
Introduction of current status in Singapore’s shipbuilding and marine Equipment Industry
|
||
| 13:20-13:40 (20') |
K5-2 |
2021 New Opportunity in Russian shipbuilding Industry
Namyoung Kang (Head of Representative in Russia, Korea Marine Equipment Association, Russian Federation) |
Namyoung Kang
BiographyEDUCATION - Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Master of the Mechanical Engineering - Dankook University, Bachelor of Electrical Engineering WORK EXPERIENCE 1995 ~ 1996 : Samsung Group, Responsible for Machinery Group of the Technology 1992 ~ 1999 : Samsung Heavy Industries, Representative in Russia at Moscow office 1989 ~ 1991 : LSIS Co., Ltd., System business headquarter Responsible for overseas technology planning Business Division (Representative in Russia) 2001 ~ Present : CEO of TRC Korea 2019 ~ Present : Korea Marine Equipment Association: Head of Representative in Russia 2017 ~ Present : Daegu Gyeongbuk Machinery Cooperative: Advisor for Cooperation with Russia 2016 ~ Present : Korea Marine Equipment Institute Consultant 2016 ~ 2020 : UNIST A professor of the industry - University Collaboration
1. Status of Russian Shipbuilding 2021
2. About KOMEA in Russia - About activities of St. Peterburg and Vladivostok in 2020 and 2021. 3. 2021 New Opportunity in Russian shipbuilding Industry - System Integration of Equipment & Localization - Joint Design and Joint Shipbuilding of Fishery Vessel - EPC for LNG Fueled Vessel and Bunkering Vessel - EPC for Commercial Vessel 4. Proposals to Korean and Russian Partners |
||
| 13:40 - 14:00 (20') |
K5-3 |
Development of Russian shipbuilding and the experience of the Trade Representation of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Korea in the Implementation of Russian-Korean shipbuilding Projects
Aleksandr A. Masaltsev (Trade Representative, Trade Representation of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Korea, Russian Federation) |
Aleksandr A. Masaltsev
BiographyEDUCATION 1993 - 1998 : Khabarovsk State Humanitarian University (Faculty of Eastern studies) WORK EXPERIENCE March 2020 : Trade Representative of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Korea March 2019 : Deputy Trade Representative of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Korea 2014 - 2019 : Second Secretary of the Embassy of the Russian in the Republic of Korea (Head of the Economic section) 2012 - 2014 : Head of Protocol and International Affairs Division of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for the Development of the Far East 2010 - 2012 : Consultant of the Trade Representation of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Korea 2009 - 2010 : Assistant to the General Director of the Automotive Manufacturing Group SOLLERS 2008 - 2009 : Manager and Assistant to the General Director of the NISSAN GROUP in Saint-Petersburg 1999 - 2008 : Head of the Protocol and International Relations Department of the Governor of the Khabarovsk Territory
Development of Russian shipbuilding and the experience of the Trade Representation of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Korea in the Implementation of Russian-Korean shipbuilding Projects
|
||
| 14:00 - 14:20 (20') |
K5-4 |
Possibility and Perspectives for the Russian Shipbuilding Market for Korean Partner in the field of Shipbuilding, Ship Repair and Production of Ship Equipment
Georgiy Martynov (President, Primorsky Region Fishery Enterprices , Russian Federation ) |
Georgiy Martynov
BiographyEDUCATION: 1986 Graduated Maritime State University named after V.I. Admiral G.I. Nevelsky (Vladivostok), specializing in Organization and Management of Marine Transport Operations WORKING EXPERIENCE: 2007- Present : President of the Association of Fisheries Enterprises of Primorye. 2007 - 2013 : Vice President of the All-Russian Association of Fisheries Enterprises and Exporters (VARPE), member of the VARPE Council. 2005 - 2012 : General Director of JSC“Far Eastern Commercial Refrigerator”, Chairman of the Board of Directors of JSC “Dalkomholod” (the largest port fish terminal in the Far East). 2000 - 2005 : Deputy Head of the Fisheries Department of the Primorsky Territory Administration. 1999 - 2000 : Head of the Maritime Department of Vladivostok city Administration 1997 - 1999 : President of the “Fesma” fishing company, Vladivostok. 1990 - 1997 : President of Company “Interbusiness” (Fishing Company), Vladivostok. 1987 - 1990 : First mate of the captain on the ships of the Shipping Company “Vostokrybholodflot”(Vladivostok)
Possibility and Perspectives for the Russian Shipbuilding Market for Korean Partner in the field of Shipbuilding, Ship Repair and Production of Ship Equipment
|
||
| 14:20 - 14:40 (20') |
K5-5 |
US - Market Entry Strategies
Eury (Hyung-Woo) Kim (Senior Consultant, El's Global , United States ) |
Eury (Hyung-Woo) Kim
BiographySenior Consultant. (2020 – Current)
El’s Global
(Houston, TX) · Global
business consulting · Trading
business (Middle East, America and Korea) Senior
Estimator and Purchasing Consultant.
(2019 – 2020) Strategic
Estimating Systems (Sugar Land, TX) · Estimating
for Oil and Gas facilities (Chemical Plant, Refinery and Pipe Line Projects- U.S.A.,
Canada, Thailand and Mexico). · Estimate
of purchasing at Nuclear Power Plant (Dominion Energy). General
manager of Purchasing. (1991
– 2014) Hyundai
Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. · Purchasing
representative at Houston Branch · Offshore
Purchasing team Leader. · Engine
& machinery Purchasing team Parts purchaser · Industrial Plant Division Package Engineer.
Discuss about the strategic approach to the US market and settlement of the long-term relationship with US customers.
1. Market outlook (Why US Market?) a. Business environment of US market. b. Misunderstanding of the US market. 2. Strategy of Market entry a. Preparation. b. S.W.O.T. analysis of Korean manufactures. c. The ways to the market entry. d. Common Mistake d. Suggestion/Solutions 3. Continuous Business in US market a. Build trust b. Fundamental ethical issues. c. Long-term relationship P.S. Revolution of Marine and Offshore industry- (as per the situation) |
||
| 14:40-15:00 (20') |
Break | ||||
| 15:00-15:40(40') ( |
[K6] Seminar & Roundtable on Power-2-Maritime Initiatives from Denmark, Korea and Dach Leading to Zero Emission Shipping | ||||
| 15:00 – 15:20 (10’) |
Welcoming and Opening Remarks | ||||
| 15:10-15:20 (10') |
K6-1 |
Denmark`s Power-2-Maritime Roadmap
Søren Linderoth (Professor, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark) |
|||
| 15:20-15:30 (10') |
K6-2 |
Korea`s 2nd Hydrogen Economy Roadmap and K-ship Strategy
Jae Myung Lee (Professor, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea) |
|||
| 15:30-15:40 (10') |
K6-3 |
Denmark`s Zero Emission Ambitions and Initiatives
Andreas Nordseths (CEO, Danish Maritime Authorities, Denmark) |
|||
| 15:40 - 16:25 (45') | Roundtable Discussion | ||||
| Moderator | Kangki Lee (Managing Director, AVL Zollner Marine GmbH) | ||||
| Panelist | Lars Mogensen (Business Development Director for PtX, COWI) | ||||
| Carsen Moeller (CEO, The Danish Institute of Fire and Security Technology) | |||||
| Jae Myung Lee (Professor, Pusan National University) | |||||
| 16:25 - 16:30 (5') | Wrap up | ||||
| 16:30 – 17:00 (30’) | Networking | ||||
Day 2 | 10월 20일(수) / 컨벤션홀 105호
| 시간 | 프로그램 | 회사명 | 연사 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 11:30 – 12:20 (50’) | 조선해양산업을 위한 레노버 솔루션 소개 | 레노버 & 블루햇 | 최성은 상무 |
| 13:30-14:20 (50’) | 헐와이퍼 선박청소로봇 소제후 연료절감효과 실증사례 | 헐와이퍼코리아 주식회사 | 사이몬 도란 대표이사 |
| 14:30-15:20 (50’) | 2021 인텔리안 프로덕트 세미나 | (주)인텔리안테크놀로지스 | 강대종 부장, 장우성 상무 |
Day 3 | 10월 20일(수) / 컨벤션홀 105호
조선해양 엔지니어링 산업 기술 세미나
·주최 : 산업통상자원부, 부산광역시·주관 : (재)부산테크노파크, (사)부산해양엔지니어링산업협회
·협력 : 한국조선해양기자재연구원, 동아대학교
| 시간 | 프로그램 | 회사명 | 연사 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 13:30 – 14:00 (30’) | BTP-SENER 업무협약식(MOU) | ||
| 14:00 – 14:20 (20’) | AI 기반 중소형 엔지니어링 기술개발 협업·실증 플랫폼 구축사업 설명 | 부산테크노파크 | 권태웅 센터장 |
| 14:20 – 14:50 (30’) | 중소형 선박 글로벌 발주 동향 | 클락슨코리아 | 윤구 과장 |
| 14:50 – 15:20 (30’) | 조선해양 엔지니어링 분야 AI 기술 활용 사례 | (주)인타운 | 김복경 전무 |
| 15:20 – 15:50 (30’) | FORAN 시스템 최신 엔지니어링 적용사례 | SENER KOREA | 김영호 팀장 |
Tel. 02-2088-8849 E-mail. info@kormarineconferences.org
사업자번호 : 120-12-13985 COPYRIGHT(C) Kormarine Conference 2024 ALL RIGHS RESERVED.